Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didnt study for the midterm. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. See Figure 2.4 below. Environmental factors also play a role in the development of mental illness. Transducers or receptor cells in the major organs of our five sensory systems vision (the eyes), hearing (the ears), smell (the nose), touch (the skin), and taste (the tongue) convert the physical energy that they detect or sense and send it to the brain via the neural impulse. Often, proponents of a given model find themselves in disagreement with proponents of other models. c. operant conditioning. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. Additionally, you might have wondered if the person or animal will try to make the response again in the future even though it stopped being reinforced in the past. b. cognitive-behavioral. The biggest criticism of these models is that the concepts are abstract and fuzzy and so very difficult to research. Possible side effects include loss of appetite, headache, motor or verbal tics, and personality changes such as appearing emotionless. a. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a(n) _____ theorist. It has several structures in common with all cells in the body. First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. It is difficult to research this perspective. Second, the viewpoint that all human behavior is explainable in biological terms, and therefore when issues arise, they can be treated using biological methods, overlooks factors that are not fundamentally biological. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. d. psychophysical. a. psychoanalysis. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. Other examples will be discussed throughout this book. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? A common example is Lithium; side effects include loss of coordination, hallucinations, seizures, and frequent urination. Hence, they experience conditional positive regard. Which theory is based on the idea that people constantly evaluate and give meaning to their lives through their actions? The brain. b. This is an example of: a. shaping. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. The cognitive model made up for an apparent deficit in the behavioral model overlooking the role cognitive processes play in our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Those in the field of abnormal psychology study people's emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral problems.Abnormal behavior may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or selfdefeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).. Several perspectives (models, approaches derived from data) and theories attempt to explain the . a. gestalt theorist b. psychodynamic theorist c. existential theorist d. evolutionary theorist. C) It is caused by genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects. Watson and Skinner defined behavior as what we do or say, but later behaviorists added what we think or feel. If you believe focusing on a problem generates a solution, then write down each time you ruminate and the result. For more on these techniques, visit http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/. A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: a. prevent feelings of anger and acts of aggression. d. known risk and protective factors. The problem with this approach is that mental disorders are not typically caused by a solitary factor, but multiple causes. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. 31. Notice when you are having a maladaptive cognition, such as making negative predictions. Figure out what is the worst thing that could happen and what alternative outcomes are possible. For operant conditioning, this means that if I make a behavior, then a specific consequence will follow. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? d. try to figure out the source of their troublesome thoughts. b. ego. Little Albert made no response outside of curiosity (NSNR not shown). Describe the role of hormonal imbalances in mental illness. Differentiate uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality. 122. The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body. Figure 2.2. Finally, the individual either imagines (systematic) or experiences in real life (in-vivo) each object or scenario from the hierarchy and uses the relaxation technique while doing so. The ego attempts to mediate the desires of the id against the demands of reality, and eventually, the moral limitations or guidelines of the superego. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. c. reject thoughts that are not rational. 78. A) cognitive-behavioral B) sociocultural C) psychodynamic D) humanistic-existential B? Each paradigm focuses mainly on one aspect of human functioning. How do socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors affect mental illness and its treatment? This information is passed to the nervous system due to the process of transduction and through sensory or afferent neurons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system. 65. There are two forms: classical conditioning, or linking together two types of stimuli, and operant conditioning, or linking together a response with its consequence. b. 67. Secondary or conditioned reinforcers and punishers are not inherently reinforcing or punishing but must be learned. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? b. Once free, the cat was allowed to eat some food before being promptly returned to the box. This process is called counterconditioning, or the reversal of previous learning. You have likely heard about Pavlov and his dogs, but what you may not know is that this was a discovery made accidentally. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. Behaviorally test your thought. b. family structure and communication. a. id b. ego c. superego d. personality. c. superego. 87. d. discounted the concept of abnormality and focused on acceptance. Electroconvulsive therapy. Next, help the client stop thinking these thoughts and replace them with more rational ones. Mason's parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. 72. Annually, approximately 100,000 undergo ECT to treat conditions such as severe depression, acute mania, suicidality, and some forms of schizophrenia. The neuron. More on that over the next two sections. A patient has social anxiety disorder. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: prejudice and discrimination faced by women. Note the plural form of dendrite and the singular form of axon; there are many dendrites but only one axon. The procedure is still the most controversial available to mental health professionals due to its effectiveness vs. the side effects, the objectivity of ECT experts, and the recent increase in ECT as a quick and easy solution, instead of long-term psychotherapy or hospitalization (https://www.mhanational.org/ect). For more on these, visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring. b. ego. d. latent content. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? Only about 10 percent of those who receive couple therapy eventually divorce. Though not neurons, glial cells play an important part in helping the nervous system to be the efficient machine that it is. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? A) The humanistic-existential model B) The family-social perspective C) The cognitive model D) The psychodynamic model B The model of abnormality that focuses on the role of values and choices in behavior is the _____ model. c. alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. c. psychodynamic-gestalt. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. c. neurotransmitters. 47. Treatments related to the biological model include drugs, ECT, and psychosurgery. c. it pays too little attention to the role early life experiences. Eventually the fact that no food comes will extinguish this reaction but still, it will be weird for a bit). We may think so, but a review of the evidence for and against this statement will show that it does not and reduce how threatening it seems. Influenza epidemics, caused by viral infections (for more on influenza, please see the following: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719), have also been linked to schizophrenia (Brown et al., 2004; McGrath and Castle, 1995; McGrath et al., 1994; Ocallaghan et al., 1991) though more recent research suggests this evidence is weak at best (Selten & Termorshuizen, 2017; Ebert & Kotler, 2005). A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. d. Not enough therapists practice existential therapy to make it worth researching. This strategy teaches social skills, communication, assertiveness through direct instruction, role playing, and modeling. c. depression. With each subsequent escape and re-insertion into the box, the cat became faster at correctly manipulating the levers. There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. Freud believed that consciousness had three levels 1) consciousness which was the seat of our awareness, 2) preconscious that included all of our sensations, thoughts, memories, and feelings, and 3) the unconscious, which was not available to us. Antidepressants are used to treat depression, but also anxiety, insomnia, and pain. c. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. d. humanistic. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. a. Existential therapy is very new, and there hasnt yet been enough time to conduct thorough research. d. humanists. Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. a. religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. b. self-actualization. Marvin is very afraid of dogs. Couples treated by couple therapy seem to show greater improvement than couples who do not receive treatment. c. illogical thinking. This approach came to be called client-centered therapy. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: a. a womans personal responsibility for her own situation. Track the accuracy of the thought. This scenario demonstrates trial and error learning or making a response repeatedly if it leads to success. For instance, Parkinsons disease is a brain disorder that results in a gradual loss of muscle control and arises when cells in the substantia nigra, a long nucleus considered to be part of the basal ganglia, stop making dopamine. c. psychoanalysts. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: a. behavioral. 2.2.1.4. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. b. ego. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist. d. psychotropic treatment. 2.3.3.4. 2.3.2.5. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. For mental health professionals, models help us to understand mental illness since diseases such as depression cannot be touched or experienced firsthand. 64. There is no firsthand experience by the learner in observational learning, unlike enactive. Gender plays an important, though at times, unclear role in mental illness. 2.2.1.5. b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. d. develop depression that requires hospitalization. Describe how communication in the nervous system occurs. Describe commonly used treatments for mental illness. The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.. The answer is yes and no, depending on whether we are talking about continuous or partial reinforcement. c. psychodynamic. b. 40. Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. 145. c. ego. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: a. challenging irrational cognitions. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. c. insert RNA into genes. A cognitive-behavioral therapist would MOST likely recommend: c. mitigate unacceptable impulses. c. psychosurgery. a. humanistic The child learns to interact with others without yelling. Providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed. Psychopharmacology and psychotropic drugs. The answer is yes, and one of two outcomes is possible. She works very hard to do things that other people would like and to make people like her. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. Exemplify the effect of attributions on creating abnormal behavior. You might say neurotransmitters are part of a lock-and-key system. How does the humanistic perspective approach psychopathology? PSYC 203 Chapter 2: Models of Abnormality, Week 12: CNS Drugs Neurodegenerative, Neurolo, Week 11: PNS Drugs (Cholinergic, Adrenergic). Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential. The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: a. cognition-focused therapists. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic, 7. Therefore, there is no such thing as abnormal behavior. d. A child often deliberately (consciously) adopts so-called abnormal behaviors when interacting with the family unit as a way to maintaining homeostasis.. The pituitary gland is the master gland which regulates other endocrine glands. The cognitive model of panic disorder focuses on misinterpretations of. There were times when something bit my foot while I was swimming, but I didn't get hurt at all. You are doing your best. As time goes on, the client starts to ask the therapist's permission for everything, instead of just making the decisions on her own. became involved in the German Feminist movement, and in 1904 founded the League of Jewish Women. a. losing the dog b. having the dream over and over c. feeling panicked in the dream d. feeling stress about her mothers illness. As fears can be learned, so too they can be unlearned. d. disengaged. c. the conscious mind. d. caution the patient against using religious-based counseling services. c. phallic stage. a. Dysfunction b. d. They are unconscious and, therefore, not a factor in conscious experience. c. cognitive-behavioral All of the models include an element of the biological model. c. tertiary prevention. Banduras Classic Experiment. 70. d. conflict between underlying psychological forces. I know my grandmother used to. None of the models are complete within themselves. c. deep brain stimulation. 102. also play a role, and this is the basis of the sociocultural model. e. Models of abnormality are general hypotheses as to the nature of psychological abnormalities. 118. The sympathetic nervous system is involved when a person is intensely aroused. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. Explain the need for a multi-dimensional model of abnormality. Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. 160. Children who watched the aggressive model behaved aggressively with the Bobo doll while those who saw the gentle model, played nice. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. c. identify the client's unreasonable ideas and feelings. According to Freud, another term for the symbolic meaning of dreams is: a. positive transference. Biological psychologists or neuropsychologists treat the underlying problems in the. Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, show that people can create their problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. The genes responsible for anxiety disorders or related psychological patterns are the same genes that once helped our ancestors survive and reproduce. a. humanistic-existential b. biological c. psychodynamic d. sociocultural, 5. It is difficult to gain informed consent from individuals with mental illness. 41. Cognitive processes cannot be empirically and reliably measured and should be ignored. The content of dreams includes the persons actual retelling of the dreams, called manifest content, and the hidden or symbolic meaning called latent content. Ego-defense mechanisms are in place to protect us from this pain but are considered maladaptive if they are misused and become our primary way of dealing with stress. The force that is in control in this example is the: The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a person's head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: Abnormal chemical activity in the body's endocrine system relates to the release of: During a meeting, Shonda's manager asks her to free associate about her coworker's performance. d. conditions of worth. As you might expect, if reinforcement occurs after extinction has started, the behavior will re-emerge. The answer is continuous. c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. Dichotomous thinking Viewing people or events in all-or-nothing terms. c. psychoanalytic theory. d. lend itself easily to research. c. gestalt. Rates of eating disorders are higher among women than men, though both genders are affected. It influences blood pressure, thirst, contractions of the uterus during childbirth, milk production, sexual behavior and interest, body growth, the amount of water in the bodys cells, and other functions as well. The development of personality. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. The axon sends signals/information to neighboring neurons while the dendrites, which resemble little trees, receive information from neighboring neurons. b. self-actualizing. Overgeneralizing You see a larger pattern of negatives based on one event. a. the humanistic-existential model b. the family-social perspective c. the cognitive model d. the psychodynamic model, 11. d. quaternary prevention. c. people are driven to self-actualize. 164. d. the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. They all attempt to explain the causes and treatments for all psychological illnesses, and all from a different approach. b. cultural deprivation that is characteristic of some groups. 103. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. The peripheral nervous system consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord. 2.2.1.6. Over time I learned that attention was good. In operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often we will reinforce the desired behavior is called the reinforcement schedule. She interprets this to mean that the hospital is a threatening place because it's filled with dangerous diseases. d. past traumatic experiences. Dont worry. b. focusing on the here and now. d. fixation at a lower level of ego functioning. as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). b. In fact, behaviorism said psychology was to be the study of observable behavior. A patient has social anxiety disorder. According to Freud, consciousness had three levels (consciousness, preconscious, and the unconscious), personality had three parts (the id, ego, and superego), personality developed over five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), there are ten defense mechanisms to protect the ego such as repression and sublimation, and finally three assessment techniques (free association, transference, and dream analysis) could be used to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. For example, to be diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder, you must present with three of eight symptoms for criteria A whereas for a major depressive episode as part of Bipolar II disorder, you have to display five (or more) symptoms for criteria A. According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of _____________. c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. Next, a fear hierarchy, or list of feared objects and situations, is constructed in which the individual moves from least to most feared. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? b. control biological factors by focusing on behavior. Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. Elevated levels of this hormone can lead to several problems, including increased weight gain, interference with learning and memory, reduced bone density, high cholesterol, and an increased risk of depression. Behaviorism has also been accused of being mechanistic and seeing people as machines. b. insight. c. double-blind studies. 99. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. 45. According to the cognitive-behavioral model, this is an example of _____ behavior. Gender is not a cause of mental illness, though differing demands placed on males and females by society and their culture can influence the development and course of a disorder. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: a. inferiority of particular cultural groups. d. This model requires the therapist to predict abnormal behavior in individuals. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. List and define the ten defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. 2.3.1.5. d. synapses. For more on psychosurgery, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199203/psychosurgery. The neural impulse proceeds across the following steps: Lets look at the electrical portion of the process in another way and add some detail. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? c. conclusions drawn by research scientists. Our focus will be on partial/intermittent reinforcement. a. avoidance b. illogical c. safety d. exposure, 96. In the case of depression, low levels of serotonin are responsible, at least partially. 25. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. denial. The sociocultural model asserts that race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation all play a role in the development and treatment of mental illness. c. moderate to severe mental illness and a coexisting developmental disorder. In science, the perspectives used to explain events are known as:
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